India's border issues

List of disputed territories of IndiaWikimedia list articleMap showing disputed territories of IndiaThere are severaldisputedterritories of India. Aterritorial disputeis a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more states or over the possession or control of land by a new state andoccupying powerafter it has conquered the land from a former state no longer currently recognized by the new state. India now faces territorial issues with three of its neighbors – China, Nepal, and Pakistan.
India has resolved its border disputes with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and an undemarcated border with Bhutan, which included multiple irregularities. (citation needed) An agreement with theRepublic of China(Taiwan) is pending.Major disputesRepublic of ChinaTheRepublic of China(ROC), now based inTaiwan, is involvedin territorial disputes with many governments bordering China. Due to theOne-China policy, it has no formal diplomatic relations with any of these states. The ROC recognises neither thePeople's Republic of China(PRC) nor its border agreements or treaties with any other countries. Article 4 of theConstitution of the Republic of Chinastates that "The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly." Section 5 of Article 4 of theAdditional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of Chinanow overrides this provision. Thus, the ROC is involved with all Sino-Indian border conflicts.
People's Republic of ChinaAksai ChinAksai Chin, also Aksayqin, Akesaiqin or Akesai Qin (Hindi:अक्साई चिन,Urdu:اکسائی چن‎, Simplified Chinese: 阿克赛钦(, is a disputed region located in the northwestern part of theTibetan Plateauand immediately south of the westernKunlun Mountains. It is approximately 35,241 sq km in size, not including theDemchokregion 500 sq km. It is entirely administered by thePeople's Republic of Chinaas a part ofHotan Countyin theHotan PrefectureofXinjiang Autonomous Region.Indiaconsiders it as a part of its state ofJammu and Kashmir. What little evidence exists suggests that the few true locals in Aksai Chin haveBuddhistbeliefs, although someMuslimUyghursmay also live in the area because of the trade betweenTibetand Xinjiang. India claims the area as a part of theLadakh Districtof the state of Jammu and Kashmir; however, it has agreed to respect theLine of Actual Control.Depsang PlainsTheDepsang Plainsare located on the border of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. TheChinese Armyoccupied most of the plains during its1962 war with India; however, the Chinese retreated. The dispute was resolved in 2013.[citation needed]Disputed areas located near Aksai ChinDemchok 500 sqkm ,Chumar, Kaurik,Shipki La, Nelang and Laptha. All of these are controlled by India i.e. Kaurik & Shipki La (in Himachal Pradesh) , Nelang Valley with areas Leptha, Pulam Sumda and Sang etc.(in Uttarakhand) are areas claimed by China as a pert of the Ngari Prefecture of the Zanda County of Tibet, except the Demchok parcel which is 70 % with China and 30 % with India which is called New Demchok. However China claims all of it. There is another area called Barahoti section area whose grazing fields are named disputed by China, which is also in the state of Uttarakhand and is controlled by India.Trans-Karakoram TractTheTrans-Karakoram Tract(Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng) is an area of nearly 5,800 km2/ 5180 sq km (2,239 sq mi) along both sides of theShaksgam River, is entirely administered by the People's Republic of China as a part ofKargilik CountyandTaxkorgan Tajik Autonomous Countyin theKashgar Prefectureof Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but was claimed byPakistanuntil 1963. It is still claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Pakistan gave up its claim to the tract under a border agreement with China in 1963 with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of theKashmir dispute.Arunachal PradeshArunachal Pradeshis a state of India, located in the far northeast. It borders the states ofAssamandNagalandto the south, and shares international borders withBurmain the east,Bhutanin the west, and theChinain the north. The majority of the territory is claimed by the China as part ofSouth Tibet. The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects theMcMahon Line, a 1914 treaty between theUnited Kingdomand the Tibetan government which was never accepted by the Chinese government and not broadly enforced by the Indian government until 1950. This territory isadministered by India.[1][2]PakistanJammu and Kashmir 222,236 sq kmThese areas serve as the center the major dispute between Pakistan and India. Three wars have been fought between the two countries over these territories. In addition to the disputed state ofJammu and Kashmira few other territorial disputes exist between Pakistan and India.
Siachen GlacierTheSiachen Glacier700 sq km is located in the easternKarakoramsin theHimalayasat about 35.5°N 77.0°E, just east of theActual Ground Position Linebetween India-Pakistan. India controls all of the Siachen Glacier itself, including all tributary glaciers. At 70 km (43 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.[3]Saltoro RidgeTheSaltoro(also known as Saltoro Parvat or Saltoro Muztagh) Mountatin rangeis is a subrange of the Karakoram Heights or of Saltoro Ridfge. . They are located in the heart of the Karakoram, on the southwest side of the Siachen Glacier.They are claimed as part of Jammu and Kashmir by India and as part ofGilgit-Baltistanby Pakistan. In 1984, India assumedmilitary control of the main peaks and passes of the range, with Pakistani forces into the glacial valleys just to the west. Hence, despite high peaks and dramatic climbing opportunities, they are little visited except by military forces due to the ongoingSiachen conflict.Sir CreekTheSir Creekis a 96 km (60 mi) strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in theRann of Kutchmarshlands. Pakistan claims the line to follow the eastern shore of the estuary while India claims a center line (differing interpretations ofparagraphs 9 and 10of theBombay Government Resolution of 1914signed between then theGovernment of SindhandRao MaharajofKutch.Thus affecting themaritime boundarynegotiations inArabian Seawaters. Before India's independence, the provincial regionwas a part of theBombay PresidencyofBritish India. AfterIndia's independencein 1947,Sindhbecame a part of Pakistan while Kutch remained a part of India,Indian ArmyandPak Marinesare deployed on both sides of the border.
Minor disputes.
NepalKalapaniKalapani(कालापानी) is an area under territorial dispute inDarchula District,NepalandPithoragarh districtof India, area 400 km2.Although claimed by Nepal, Kalapani has been administered by India'sIndo-Tibetan Border Policesince the1962 border war with China. Nepal claims thatKali rivercited in the 1816 treaty should be followed all the way to its Himalayan source as the boundary, rather than the ridge line east of the river claimed by India. The river borders the Nepalese zone ofMahakaliand the Indian state ofUttarakhand. TheSugauli Treatysigned by Nepal andBritish Indiain 1816 utilizes the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. Subsequentmaps drawn by British surveyors show the source of the boundary river at different places. This discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting their own claims. TheKalapani Riverruns through an area that includes a disputed area of about 400 km² around the source of the river although the exact size of the disputed area varies from source to source.SustaSustais an area under territorial dispute currently inTribenisusta, Nepal and nearNichlaul,Uttar Pradesh, India. The area under dispute totals over 14,000 hectares (140 km2).
Former Disputes.
Sri Lanka Border Issue ResolvedKachchatheevuKachchatheevuor Katchatheevu or Kachativu (Tamil:கச்சத்தீவுKaccatīvu) (Sinhala:කච්චතීවු) is an uninhabited island of 235 acres formerly claimed by both India and Sri Lanka. The two countries recognized Sri Lankan sovereignty over the island in 1974. It has a Catholic shrine and has been declared as a sacred area by the government of Sri Lanka. In 2001, the Tamil Nadu government called for the return of the island butMahinda Rajapaksa, former Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Minister and president of Sri Lanka, declined. He said that, `It is impossible to give it back to them as it has been recognized by the international community as an integralpart of our country since it was handed over by lateIndira Gandhi.'However, the Indian government has stated that "No territory belonging to India was ceded nor sovereignty relinquished since the area was in dispute and had never been demarcated" and that the dispute on the status of the island was settled in 1974 by an agreement, and both countries tookinto account historical evidence and legal aspects.[4]BangladeshBorder Issue ResolvedSouth Talpatti IslandSouth Talpatti(as it was known in Internationally) orBangabandhuIsland (as it was known as Awami politically inBangladesh) was a small uninhabited offshore sandbar landform in theBay of Bengal, off the coast of theGanges-Brahmaputra Deltaregion. It emerged in the Bay of Bengal on theBangladeshside of river that makes the boundary betweenIndiaandBangladeshin the aftermath of theBhola cyclonein 1970, and disappeared before or duringCyclone Ailain 2009. In March 2010, Sugata Hazra of the School of Oceanographic Studies atJadavpur University,Kolkatta, India, said that the island had disappeared and thatsea level risecaused by climate change was a factor.Indo-Bangladesh enclaves, adverse possessions and unmarked boundariesTheenclavesorChitmahal(Bengali: ছিটমহল) between India and Bangladesh border in the Indian state ofWest Bengalremained an issue between the two countries for a long time.The enclaves were reputedly part of a high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Maharaja ofCooch Beharand the Nawab ofRangpurand the result of a confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and theMughal Empire. After thepartition of Indiain 1947, Cooch Behar district was merged with India and Rangpur went to thenEast Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971. The prime ministers of India andBangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange enclaves and simplify the international border. In 1974 Bangladesh approved a proposed treaty, Land Boundary Agreement, to exchange all enclaves within each other's territories, but India did not ratified it. Another agreement was agreed upon in 2011 to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. A revised version of the agreementwas finally adopted by the two countries 41 years later, when the Parliament of India passed the 100th Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution on May 7, 2015.[6]Inside the main part ofBangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while inside the main part ofIndia, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). In respect of adverse possessions, India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred 2267.682 acres to Bangladesh. India ratified the agreement by constitutional amendment in May 2015.Under this agreement, the enclave residents could continue toreside at their present location or move to the country of theirchoice.Theadverse possessionof Boraibari went to Bangladesh.The unmarked borders between the nations were also finally solved regarding Daikhata-Dumabari, Muhurichar river island and Pyrdiwah.